Document Title: Fantasia X que contrahaze la harpa en la manera de Ludovico Composer: Alonso Mudarra (c. 1510–1580) Source: Tres Libros de Música en Cifras para Vihuela (Seville, 1546) PDF Format: Critical Edition with Commentary 1. Introduction This PDF presents a comprehensive study of Fantasia X from Alonso Mudarra’s seminal collection, Tres Libros de Música en Cifras para Vihuela (1546). As one of the most imaginative works of the Spanish Renaissance, this fantasia stands out for its explicit imitation of the harp ( contrahaze la harpa ), a rare programmatic indication in 16th-century vihuela music. The document includes a modern transcription, historical notes, performance suggestions, and a facsimile comparison. 2. Historical Background Alonso Mudarra was a vihuelist and canon of Seville Cathedral. His Book III, where Fantasia X appears, is notable for experimenting with instrumental effects, tunings, and cross-cultural influences (including Moorish-inspired music). The subtitle en la manera de Ludovico likely refers to Ludovico (possibly an Italian lutenist or harpist), suggesting Mudarra was emulating a known harp style.