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Microkernel, capability-based security, IPC, formal verification, seL4, OS architecture. 1. Introduction Monolithic kernels (Linux, Windows NT) dominate general-purpose computing due to performance advantages from shared address spaces. However, device driver bugs—the primary source of OS crashes—can corrupt kernel memory, compromising entire systems. Microkernels minimize trusted computing base (TCB) by running most services (drivers, file systems, network stacks) as user-space processes. [2] Klein, G
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