– Highly centralized functional structures often create silos because each department communicates upward but not laterally.
– Hawthorne effect: People modify behavior when they know they are being observed (original studies: Western Electric plant). msoc sample questions set 1
Which organizational structure is most likely to create information silos? a) Matrix b) Flat c) Highly centralized functional d) Network a) Matrix b) Flat c) Highly centralized functional
Formal : prescribed by hierarchy (e.g., manager’s email to team). Informal : grapevine, social chats (e.g., lunch conversation about a new policy). Values and assumptions are deeper levels
– Artifacts are visible, tangible elements of culture (dress, layout, rituals). Values and assumptions are deeper levels.
Barriers: Fear of retaliation, lack of psychological safety, managers’ defensive listening. b) Structural: Anonymous feedback system or monthly skip-level meetings. Process: Train managers in active listening & close the loop (respond to every submission).
– Triangulation = using multiple methods to cross-validate findings.